Engineering Physics has been conceived to develop a coherent, comprehensive and practical view of physics among engineering students. This will help them to develop fundamental ways of thinking and inventing in their future engineering practice. The book attempts to break the monotony of just stating theoretical concepts by examining the historical development of the subject, to show interesting links between the various topics. Theory and experiment are integrated and learning through scientific method is emphasized by seeking agreement between theory and experiment. Numerical problems are included at appropriate places to offer quantitative appreciation of parameters involved. Charts are used to facilitate comparative learning of topics that share the same unifying and founding aspects. Applications of each topic are discussed at the end of the chapter to give an idea of how engineering grows through the utilitarian translation of discoveries and concepts in physics. A new chapter on nanophysics has been included, with additional exercises in key chapters.
Sanjay D Jain is Head, Knowledge Center of Priyadarshini Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nagpur. He has been teaching engineering physics and researching in the area of nonlinear elastic and acoustic properties of solids for the last twenty-four years. He has published several research papers in leading international journals and has contributed papers to international conferences. . Girish G Sahasrabudhe is Professor of Physics, Shri Ramdeobaba Kamla Nehru Engineering College, Nagpur. He obtained his doctoral degree in physics from IIT Bombay, Mumbai, for his work on theory of permutation and unitary groups in many-body problems. He has been teaching physics for the last twenty-six years and has set up a MATHEMATICA lab in which educational material is developed.
1. Physics and Engineering 1.1. The Story of Physics and Engineering 1.2. Learning Physics 1.3. Theory 1.4. Experiment 1.4.1. Least Count and Range 1.4.2. Error Analysis 1.4.3. Significant Figures 1.4.4. Method of Least Squares 1.5. Seeking Agreement between Theory and Experiment 1.6. Applications 2. What is Light? 2.1. The Story of Light 2.2. Geometrical and Physical Optics 2.3. Wave Equation and Wave Parameters 2.4. Light as an ElectromagneticWave 2.5. Applications 3. Interference 3.1. The Story of Interference of LightWaves 3.2. Superposition of Waves 3.3. Coherence 3.4. Interference 3.4.1. Procedure for Studying Interference 3.4.2. Interference in Different Cases 3.5. Applications 3.5.1. Measurement of Length 3.5.2. Measurement of Refractive Index 3.5.3. Nonreflecting/ High reflecting Films 3.5.4. Test of Flatness of a Surface 3.5.5. Interference Filters 4. Diffraction 4.1. The Story of Diffraction 4.2. The Phenomenon of Diffraction 4.3. Diffraction at Slits 4.3.1. Single Slit 4.3.2. Double Slit 4.3.3. Multiple Slits 4.4. Applications 5. Polarisation 5.1. The Story of Polarisation 5.2. Types of Polarisation 5.3. Why Natural Light is Unpolarised 5.4. Production of Plane Polarised Light 5.4.1. Selective Absorption 5.4.2. Polarisation by Reflection 5.4.3. Polarisation by Scattering 5.4.4. Polarisation by Double Refraction 5.5. Huygen’sModel of Double Refraction and Production of Elliptically and Circularly Polarised Light 5.6. Analysis of Polarised Light 5.7. Applications 5.7.1. Applications of Polarising Devices 5.7.2. Applications of Birefringence 5.7.3. Applications of Optical Activity 6. Quantum Physics 6.1. The Story of Quantum Physics 6.2. Planck’s Quantum Theory 6.3. Photoelectric Effect 6.4. Compton Effect 6.5. Comparison of Photoelectric Effect and Compton Effect 6.6. Wave–Particle Duality of Radiation and Concept of Matter Waves 6.7. Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle 6.8. Wave Function 6.9. Schrodinger’s Equation 6.10. Applications 7. Atomic Physics 7.1. The Story of Atomic Physics 7.2. Atomic Spectra 7.3. Bohr’s Theory 7.4. Application of Quantum Mechanics to Hydrogen Atom 7.4.1. Application of de Broglie’s Theory 7.4.2. Application of Uncertainty Principle 7.4.3. Schrodinger Equation for Hydrogen Atom 7.5. Quantum Numbers and the Periodic Table 7.6. Xray Spectra 7.7. Applications 8. Nuclear Physics 8.1. The Story of Nuclear Physics 8.2. Atomic Nucleus 8.2.1. Nuclear Structure 8.2.2. Nuclear Force 8.2.3. Nuclear Binding Energy 8.2.4. Nuclear Spin and Magnetic Moment 8.3. Radioactivity 8.3.1. Radioactive Decay Law 8.3.2. Nuclear Reactions 8.3.3. Detection of Nuclear Radiation 8.4. Nuclear Models and Spectroscopy 8.4.1. Liquid Drop Model 8.4.2. Shell Model 8.4.3. Spectroscopy 8.4.4. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 8.5. Applications 8.5.1. Applications of Fission and Fusion 8.5.2. Applications of Radioactivity 8.5.3. Applications in Medical Diagnostics 8.5.4. Harmful Effects of Radiation 9. Structure and Properties of Matter 9.1. The Story of Matter 9.2. Bonding 9.3. Bonding in Solids 9.3.1. Ionic Crystals 9.3.2. Covalent Crystals 9.3.3. Metallic Crystals 9.3.4. Van der Waals Crystals 9.3.5. Hydrogen Bonded Crystals 9.4. Crystal Structure 9.5. Miller Indices 9.6. Determination of Crystal Structure by Xray Diffraction 9.7. Materials and their Properties 9.8. Applications 10. Dielectric and Magnetic Materials 10.1. The Story of Dielectric and Magnetic Materials 10.2. Electromagnetism in Materials 10.3. Microscopic Models of Polarisation and Magnetisation 10.3.1. Electronic Polarisation and Diamagnetism 320 10.3.2. Ionic Polarisation 10.3.3. Orientational Polarisation and Paramagnetism 10.4. Internal Field 10.5. Ferroelectricity, Ferromagnetism and Related Phenomena 10.5.1. Hysteresis 10.5.2. Curie-Weiss Law 10.5.3. Spontaneous Polarisation/Magnetisation 10.5.4. Ferromagnetic Domains 10.5.5. Electrostriction, Piezoelectricity and Magnetostriction 10.5.6. Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism 10.6. Classification of Materials 10.7. Applications 10.7.1. Dielectric Materials 10.7.2. Magnetic Materials 11. Conductors, Semiconductors and Superconductors 11.1. The Story of Conductors 11.2. Free Electron Theory of Metals 11.3. Formation of Energy Bands in Solids 11.3.1. Origin of Forbidden Bands in Solids 11.3.2. Effective Mass 11.4. Fermi Energy and Fermi Level 11.5. Semiconductors: Intrinsic and Extrinsic 11.6. Superconductivity 11.7. Applications 12. Diodes and Transistors 12.1. The Story of Diodes and Transistors 12.2. p-n Junction Diode 12.3. Transistor 12.4. Applications 13. Charged Particles in Electric and Magnetic Fields 13.1. The Story of Charged Particles in Motion 13.2. Motion Under a Force 13.3. Motion of Charged Particles in Electric and Magnetic Fields 13.4. Motion of Charged Particles in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields 13.5. Electron Optics 13.5.1. Electrostatic Lens 13.5.2. Magnetostatic Lens 13.5.3. Comparison with Optical Lens 13.6. Applications 14. Lasers 14.1. The Story of Lasers 14.2. Introduction 14.2.1. Population Inversion 14.2.2. Metastable State 14.2.3. Pumping 14.2.4. Basic Laser Action 14.2.5. Resonator 14.3. Different Types of Lasers 14.4. Characteristics of Laser Light 14.4.1. Coherence and Monochromaticity 14.4.2. Directionality 14.4.3. Intensity 14.5. Semiconductor Photonic Devices 14.5.1. LED 14.5.2. Laser Diode 14.6. Applications 14.6.1. Applications in Measurement 14.6.2. Applications in Information Processing 14.6.3. Applications in Industry 14.6.4. Applications in Medicine 14.6.5. Applications in Defence 15. Fibre Optics 15.1. The Story of Fibre Optics 15.2. Total Internal Reflection 15.3. Structure of an Optical Fibre 15.4. Propagation of Light 15.5. Wave Optics: Modes 15.6. Attenuation 15.6.1. Loss Mechanisms 15.7. Signal Distortion 15.7.1. Mechanisms of Dispersion 15.7.2. Measure of Dispersion 15.8. Fibre Optic Communication Systems 15.9. Applications 15.9.1. Advantages of the Fibre Optic Systems 15.9.2. Optical Fibre Sensors 15.9.3. Medical Applications 15.9.4. Applications in Communications and Information Technology 16. Acoustics 16.1. The Story of Acoustics 16.2. Fundamentals of Vibrations 16.3. SoundWaves and their Characteristics 16.3.1. Wave Equation 16.3.2. Velocity 16.3.3. Displacement Amplitude and Pressure Amplitude 16.3.4. Intensity 16.3.5. Sound Level 16.3.6. Loudness Level 16.3.7. Pitch 16.3.8. Quality/Timbre 16.4. Mechanisms of Speech and Hearing 16.5. Classical Ray Theory 16.6. Ultrasonics 16.7. Applications 17. Introduction to Nanotechnology 17.1. Introduction 17.2. Preparation of Nanomaterials 17.3. Characterisation and Measurement 17.3.1. Scanning Probe Microscopy 17.3.2. Electron Microscopy 17.3.3. Characterisation Tools as Fabrication Tools 17.4. Fullerenes, Graphene and Cargon Nanotubes 17.5. Properties and Applications 17.5.1. Confinement 17.5.2. Electrical Properties 17.5.3. Optical Properties 17.5.4. Magnetic Properties 17.5.5. Elastic Properties 17.5.6. More Applications Index