Preface
Acknowledgements
CHAPTER 1 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY: AN INTRODUCTION
Relevance of Geology to Civil Engineering
Scope of Geology in Civil Engineering
Role of an Engineering Geologist
Failure of Engineering Structures: Some Case Histories
Dams
Reservoirs
Bridges
Summary
Review Questions
References
CHAPTER 2 BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY
Introduction
Branches of Geology
Main branches
Allied branches
Summary
Review Questions
CHAPTER 3 A PEEP INTO THE EARTH
Seismic Waves and the Earth’s Layers
Compositional/Chemical Layers
Inner core
Outer core
D” layer
Mantle plume
Lower mantle
Transition region
Upper mantle
Oceanic crust
Continental crust
Temperature, Pressure and Density Inside the Earth
Mechanical Layers
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Mesosphere
D” layer
Outer core and inner core
Summary
Review Questions
References
CHAPTER 4 PLATE TECTONICS: A UNIFYING THEORY
Introduction: Plates and Plate Tectonics
Plate Boundaries
Divergent boundary
Convergent boundary
Transform boundary
The Driving Force for Plate Movement
The Plate Tectonic System
The Supercontinent Cycle: Alfred Wegener and Pangaea
The break–up of pangaea
Supercontinents—The past and future
Summary
Review Questions
References
CHAPTER 5 MATERIALS OF THE EARTH’S CRUST
Introduction: Minerals
Physical properties of minerals
Different minerals
Introduction: Rocks
Classification of rocks
Summary
Review Questions
References
CHAPTER 6 SURFACE PROCESSES
Introduction
Surface Processes
Weathering
Factors of weathering
Agents of weathering
Types of weathering
Geological action of rivers
Geological action of ocean waves
Geological action of glaciers
Geological action of wind
Summary
Review Questions
References
CHAPTER 7 ENGINEERING SIGNIFICANCE OF GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS AND SOILS
Introduction
Rocks and Geological Formation
Contents vii
What is Soil?
Soil formation
Constituents of soil
Soil horizons
Properties of soils
Types of soils
Soil classification
Summary
Review Questions
References
CHAPTER 8 DEFORMATIONAL STRUCTURES IN CRUSTAL ROCKS
Introduction
Attitude of beds
Stress, Strain and Deformation
Stress
Strain
Summary
Review Questions
References
CHAPTER 9 ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF ROCKS
Introduction
Factors affecting the strength, hardness and toughness of rocks
Properties of rocks
Basic mechanical properties
Methods of estimation of rock properties
Summary
Review Questions
References
CHAPTER 10 GEOLOGY OF DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
Introduction
Common purposes of dams
Parts of a dam
Types of dams
Geological input required for foundation rocks
Geological factors for a suitable site for dam foundation
Some important dams in India
Summary
Review Questions
References
CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY OF TUNNELS
Introduction
Tunnelling purposes
A Brief History of Tunnelling
Methods of excavation
Geological considerations in tunnelling
Geological conditions that influence tunnelling projects
Environment Management
Case Studies
Delhi metro tunnel construction with EPB shield TBMs
Tunnelling
Mumbai water supply project
Summary
Review Questions
References
CHAPTER 12 GEOLOGICAL MAPS AND THEIR INTERPRETATION
Introduction
Basic Concepts
Planimetric map
Cadastral map
Topographic map
Geological map
Aerial photos and satellite imageries
Digital maps
Thematic maps
Use of geological maps in civil engineering
Summary
Review Questions
References
CHAPTER 13 GEOPHYSICAL METHODS FOR SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION
Introduction
Sub-disciplines in Geophysics
Relevance to Civil Engineering
Advantages and limitations of geophysical investigations
Some Important Geophysical applications
Geophysical applications in engineering
General Principles Involved in Geophysical Investigations
Classification of Geophysical Methods
Ground penetrating radar method
Gravity methods
Magnetic methods
Electrical resistivity methods
Seismic methods
Summary
Review Questions
References
CHAPTER 14 STABILITY OF SLOPES AND CUTTINGS
Introduction
Slope Processes
Slope elements
Controls of slope stability
Role of troublesome earth materials
Triggering events: Shocks
Retaining Wall Types
Retaining walls
Summary
Review Questions
CHAPTER 15 ENGINEERING SEISMOLOGY
Introduction to Seismology and Engineering Seismology
Earthquakes and plate tectonics
Types of seismic waves
Body waves
Surface waves
Seismic wave properties
Focus and epicenter of an earthquake
Seismograph and seismogram
Determining the ‘time lag’
Magnitudes of earthquakes
Seismic hazards
Earthquakes in India
Seismic imaging
Hazard Mitigation
Summary
Review Questions
References
CHAPTER 16 GEOHYDROLOGY
Introduction: Hydrology and Geohydrology
Distribution of Water on the Globe
Importance of Groundwater
Benefits of Groundwater
Groundwater in the Hydrologic Cycle
Definition of hydrologic cycle
Rock properties affecting groundwater: Aquifers
Water table and potentiometric or piezometric surface
Rock properties affecting groundwater: Confining beds
Types of aquifers
Factors Affecting Storage and Movement of Water in an Aquifer
Porosity
Permeability
Classification of subsurface water
Geologic Formations as Aquifers
Unconsolidated deposits
Consolidated rocks
Engineering Problems Posed by Groundwater
Pore pressure, landslides and slope stability
Subsidence
Dams
Seawater intrusion
Inflows into tunnels
Inflows into excavations
Wet basement problems
Summary
Review Questions
References
CHAPTER 17 SITE IMPROVEMENT FOR ENGINEERING PROJECTS
Introduction
Ground Improvement Techniques
Grouting
Types of grout
Soil mixing
Dynamic compaction
Injection systems for expansive soils
Rapid impact compaction
Rigid inclusions
Vibro compaction
Vibro concrete columns
Vibro piers
Vibro replacement (stone columns)
Geotextiles
Summary
Review Questions
References
CHAPTER 18 QUARRYING OR SURFACE MINING
Introduction
Quarrying
Underground mining
Types of quarrying
Materials commonly extracted
Quarrying methods
Cycle of operations and types of machinery in quarries
Environmental and Health Impacts due to Quarrying
Some cases of environmental damage caused by mining
Summary
Review Questions
References
CHAPTER 19 ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY
Geology and Environmental Geology
Population and Resources
Depletion of the Earth’s Resources
Environmental Concerns
Global warming
Overdevelopment of available water resources
Reduction in quality of available water resources
Reduction in air quality
Deforestation
Earth materials as resource or a disposal site
Pollutants and Pollution
Effects of Pollution on Biosphere
Types of Pollution
Water pollution
Air pollution
Land pollution
Noise or sound pollution
Electropollution
E-pollution
The Indian Scenario
Air pollution in India
Water pollution in India
Summary
Review Questions
References
CHAPTER 20 REMOTE SENSING AND GIS
Introduction to Aerial Photography and Remote Sensing
Aerial Photography
Basic requirements of aerial photographs
Factors influencing the image quality of photographs
Processes of aerial photography
Planning for photography
Type of photography
Remote Sensing (RS)
Basic concepts
Frequencies and wavelengths of some EM waves
Atmospheric windows
Remote sensing data acquisition systems
Analysis techniques
Remote sensing applications
Geographic Information System (GIS)
General applications of GIS
Application of RS and GIS in civil engineering
Remote sensing in India
Recently launched satellites
Indian remote sensing and NNRMS
Summary
Review Questions
References
CHAPTER 21 RESOURCES ENGINEERING
Introduction
Role of Resource Engineering
Classification of Resources
Natural resources
Artificial resources
India’s natural resources
Conservation of Natural Resources
Summary
Review Questions
References