After centuries of colonization, the ongoing struggle to preserve communal knowledge, rituals, language, traditions, and teaching and learning practices has taken on even more significance in the increasingly standardized world of globalization. For many indigenous societies, protecting community-based customs has involved the rejection of state-provided education, raising a series of interconnected issues regarding autonomy, modernity and cultural sustainability.

In New World of Indigenous Resistance, these questions are approached from multiple perspectives by means of an innovative exchange between linguist and human rights advocate Noam Chomsky, and more than twenty scholars, activists and educators from across the Americas.

In response to Chomsky’s ideas, voices from Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Peru, the United States, and Uruguay draw from their first-hand experience and scholarship, speaking to, with, and at times against Chomsky’s views.

Lois Meyer  is an applied linguist and Associate Professor in the Department of Lan­guage, Literacy & Sociocultural Studies at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, U.S.A., and a close collaborator with the Co­alition of Indigenous Teachers and Promoters of Oaxaca (CMPIO).

Benjamín Maldonado Alvarado is a Mexican anthropologist specialising in indigenous education who has lived in Oaxaca for thirty years, collaborating with vari­ous indigenous organizations and carrying out ethnographic studies among the Mixe, Mazateco and Chatino peoples.

Introduction
A Hemispheric Conversation among Equals
by Lois Meyer

1. INTERVIEWS WITH NOAM CHOMSKY

Resistance and Hope: The Future of Comunalidad in a Globalized World
Interview with Noam Chomsky by Lois Meyer, 2004
Video Message to the Second National Congress of Indigenous & Intercultural Education
by Noam Chomsky, 2007
The Imperial State and Hope from inside Indigenous America
Interview with Noam Chomsky by Lois Meyer, 2007

2. COMMENTARIES ON CHOMSKY FROM THE INDIGENOUS AMERICAS


1. The Fourth Principle
   Jaime Martínez Luna, Mexico
2. Noam Chomsky and Indigenous Education in Oaxaca, Mexico
   Fernando Soberanes Bojórquez, Mexico
3. Beyond Education
   Gustavo Esteva, Mexico
4. Chomsky as Hope
   Fausto Sandoval Cruz, Mexico
5. Views from the Hemisphere of Resistance
   María Bertely Busquets, Mexico
6. Resistance and Cultural Work in Times of War
   Elsie Rockwell, Mexico
7. Political Uses of Interculturalidad: Citizenship and Education
   Marcela Tovar Gómez, Mexico
8. Politicization of Comunalidad and the Demand for Autonomy
   Gunther Dietz, Mexico
9. Democracy and Changes in Latin American Education: Lessons from the Guatemalan and Bolivian Indigenous Cases
   Luis Enrique López, Guatemala
10. Indigenous Education and “Living Well”: An Alternative in the Midst of Crisis
    Ruth Moya Torres, Guatemala
11. Repress Ideas to Consolidate Nation-States . . . or Re-create Ways of Thinking to Strengthen Balance
    Guillermo Chen Morales, Guatemala
12. Reading Noam Chomsky from an Educational Experience of the Kuna People of Panama
    Rueter Orán Bodin and Kikadir Yadira Orán, Panama
13. Abya Yala and the Decolonization of Democracy, Knowledge, Education, and the State
    Luis Macas Ambuludí, Ecuador
14. Kichwa Resistance in Ecuador
    María Yolanda Terán, Ecuador
15. Indigenous Peoples Contesting State Nationalism and Corporate Globalism
    Stefano Varese, Peru
16. Education from Inside Deep America
    Grimaldo Rengifo Vásquez, Peru
17. The Path of Decolonization
    Carlos Mamani Condori, Bolivia
18. Aymara Resistance
    Felipe Quispe Huanca, Bolivia
19. Changing Mirrors: Looking at Ourselves in Latin America
    Norma Giarracca, Argentina
20. The Complex Decolonization of the School
    Raúl Zibechi, Uruguay
21. U.S. Imperialism and the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
    Glenabah Martinez, U.S.A.
    
    
3. FOLLOW-UP INTERVIEW WITH NOAM CHOMSKY
   
   

Reflections on a Hemispheric Conversation among Equals
Interview with Noam Chomsky by Lois Meyer, 2009

4. A FINAL COMMENTARY
   
   
1. Comunalidad and the Education of Indigenous Peoples
   by Benjamín Maldonado Alvarado
   
   
5. CONCLUSION

An Open-Ended Closing
by Lois Meyer, Julianna Kirwin, and Erin Tooher